Real-time Operating Systems (RTOS)

RTOS

A real-time operating system (RTOS) environment, the command will respond within a specified time. The actual time can be as the system response to small all instantly. A real-time operating system (RTOS) compresses two components, viz. "Real Time" and "operating system". Is the operating system (OS) but call a collection of systems or functions that offer an interface between hardware and application programs. To manage the hardware resources and run applications on your host computer.

A real-time application on an application that both precise results and the additional restrictions on the period is available. RTOS operating system is compatible with real-time applications and supply a logical consequence of the right time is essential. The basic structure is similar to the normal operating system, but also mechanisms to create enabling real-time programs. Must correspond to respond in real time, limited time, or to respond to serious consequences, including failure. Real-time systems are so hard, soft or hard classified.

Basic OS Functions:-

1. Process Management, 
2. Resources Management,
3. Device Management, 
4. I/O Devices subsystems 
5. Network Devices and subsystems management

Some generally used RTOS scheduling algorithms are:-

1. Cooperative scheduling

2. Preemptive scheduling

(I) Rate-monotonic scheduling
(II) Round-robin scheduling
(III) Fixed priority pre-emptive scheduling, an implementation of preemptive time slicing
(IV) Fixed-Priority Scheduling with Deferred Preemption
(V) Fixed-Priority Non-preemptive Scheduling
(VI) Critical section preemptive scheduling
(VII) Static time scheduling

3. Earliest Deadline First approach

4. Stochastic digraphs with multi-threaded graph traversal

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About Windows 8

Windows 8

Windows 8 is the latest edition of Microsoft Windows, a number of operating systems by Microsoft for use on personal computers, plus home based desktop,  Laptop, Tablet PC and home theater. After the engineering group of Windows, Windows 8 has been "reinvented chipset for the user Experience "in question, but Windows 7  Is further targeted, incremental update to the Windows online. Windows 8 UI stand on new features Microsoft language planned subway alike to the Windows Phone. According to Microsoft, the new boundary is designed to get superior the game touch screen input, as well as usual Mouse and keyboard.

With upgrading in basics, advanced storage and connectivity, new architected subsystems, the “fast and fluid” user understanding, and the Win RT platform, Windows 8 has exactly thousands of new features. Several of the most exciting upgrading with Windows 8 is yet to come the advance from developers building apps on the new Win RT platform.

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Virtual Memory - Use of Virtual Memory

Virtual Memory

Desktop computer operating systems is a common part of virtual memory. So it was a great advantage for users is very low They are more expensive. n this article, you will learn exactly what is virtual memory, the computer, and how to configure the device to a good Realization. Most computers today, 32 or 64 MB of RAM, the processor is available to use something similar. Unfortunately, this number is not enough RAM to run Many users of the program running at the same time.

The use of virtual memory is a good idea?

Before a virtual machine, you must ask yourself whether you really need. The main memory is determined by the correction. It is almost always a good way to use Redis All data in RAM.

The virtual memory usage: -

The designers of the operating system is the hypothesis with the help of a program that you can trust. The user program itself, will try the program, to destroy others and the operating system itself. This seems like a negative point of view, however, as the operating system to be executed. You do not need a program approved harmful. Malicious programs that can be accidentally (garbage data memory pointers). Virtual memory can also help. You can prevent Programs from interfering with other programs. Want in some cases, cooperation and shared memory. In this sense, the support of virtual memory.

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Threads

Despite of the information that a thread must carry out in process, the process and its linked threads are diverse concept. Processes are accustomed to group resources jointly and threads are the entities scheduled for carrying out on the CPU.

A thread is a single series stream within in a process. Because threads have a few of the properties of processes, they are at times known as lightweight processes. In a process, threads permit many executions of streams. In lots of respect, threads are admired way to improve application through parallelism. The CPU switches quickly back and forth among the threads giving false impression that the threads are running in parallel.

Advantages of Threads over Multiple Processes:-

Context Switching:- Threads are very inexpensive to make and obliterate, and they are inexpensive to represent. For example, they need space to store, the PC, the SP, and the general-purpose register, but they do not need space to share memory information, Information about open files of I/O devices in use, etc. With so small context, it is much quicker to switch between threads. In extra words, it is comparatively easier for a context switch using threads.

Sharing:-  Treads permit the sharing of a lot resources that cannot be shared in process, for example, sharing code section, information section, Operating System resources like open file etc.

Disadvantages of Threads over Multiple Processes:-

Blocking:- The main disadvantage if that if the kernel is single threaded, a system call of one thread will block the whole process and CPU may be idle during the blocking time.

Security:- Since there is, an general sharing among threads there is a potential difficulty of security. It is quite possible that one thread over write the stack of another thread (or damaged shared data) although it is very not likely since threads are meant to cooperate on a single task.

Kernels

The kernel is the trust branch of the operating system. It runs in the administrator mode.

The trap device instruction is accustomed to switch from user mode to the supervisor mode. It is hardened to implement system calls. A substitute to trap is using messages to obtain service from the operating system.